Autostereoscopic Display System

ABSTRACT

An autostereoscopic display system comprised of an array of vertically oriented narrow light sources and a spatial light modulator, (SLM), disposed between the lights and viewers, whereby light rays originating from the lights and passing through the SLM are vertically dispersed by a vertical dispersion panel. The lights are sequentially flashed, sending light through the SLM where selected full height narrow vertical picture lines, VPL&#39;s, are made briefly transmissive while the remainder of the SLM remains dark, projecting vertically oriented sheets of light through selected VPL&#39;s toward selected eyes. The light sheets are sufficiently narrow as to enter a left or right eye but not both, while the entire height of selected VPL&#39;s is visible due to said vertical dispersion. The process rapidly repeats for all VPL&#39;s and all array lights, alternating between right/left SLM scenes each projected into appropriately selected eyes resulting in a 3D image.

This application claims priority from provisional application No. 61/464,514 filed on date Mar. 4, 2011.

USPTO SEARCH CLASSES AND SUB-CLASSES SEARCHED

353/7 348/42, 348/51, 348/54, 348/55, 349/15 359/458

Additionally: 348/56, 348/59, 348/40. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

3D display systems might be broadly grouped as those requiring visual viewing aids or those that do not. The ones not requiring any viewing aids are sometimes referred to as autostereoscopic displays. The autostereoscopic systems may be further classified as stereoscopic systems, holographic systems, multiviewer systems, viewer adaptive systems, etc. The stereoscopic systems, generally referenced as autostereoscopic simply present two views, a left-eye view and a right-eye view to the left and right eyes respectively. Holographic systems present a sufficient number of views, not only different for each eye, but enough views from different directions that the viewer may roam around the image region and see the imaged object from different positions. The holographic systems may provide holographic views with parallax only in the horizontal direction, or in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Multiviewer systems may be grouped as two types: (1) a fixed viewing system that provides fixed viewing positions for each of several viewers and (2) an adaptive system that tracks the viewer positions so that viewers are not limited to fixed positions in the viewing area.

A brief listing of various types of 3D display systems:

I—Viewing Aids Required Polarized Systems

-   -   Polarized passive glasses

Time Separation Systems

-   -   Active glasses with alternating shutters

II—Viewing Aids not Required Integrated Screen Configuration

-   -   lenticular lenses with diffused backlight     -   parallax barrier with diffused backlight         Displays with Separated Backlight (A)     -   Small multi-backlight sources illuminating a large lens which         re-directs images into small viewing zones for individual eyes:         Field (image) sequential **         Displays with Separated Backlight (B)     -   Array of vertical line light sources     -   Vertical image-line sequential **

Displays Containing a Large Number of Light or Image Sources Equal to Full Resolution

-   -   Hologram like

Reflection Display:

-   -   Lit from front or side **

Holographic

-   -   Horizontal parallax only     -   Horizontal plus vertical parallax         ** With optional head/eye tracking to eliminate blank or         pseudoscopic viewing zones.

The invention to be described herein fits into the above mentioned class:

Displays with Separated Backlight (B)

-   -   Array of vertical line light sources.     -   Vertical image-line sequential

A configuration which would be most suitable for in-home television would be:

autostereoscopic, multi-viewer, and adaptive (head/eye tracking)

Creating a 3D display system that produces a near realistic view of a scene remains an elusive achievement. Many factors come into play and based on the technology available at any point in time, compromises are necessary. Systems requiring viewing aids have encountered strong market rejection. Parallax barrier systems place restrictions on viewer position. Brightness and image fidelity at reasonable cost are difficult to achieve with most of the current approaches.

The techniques to be described herein describe an approach which overcomes the deficiencies of the systems mentioned above. This invention uses an array of light sources behind an SLM, spatial light modulator, such as a transparent LCD image panel. Separate, narrow vertical columns of the image are selected, and together with selected light sources in the light-source array, cause vertical sheets of light rays to be projected toward the viewer. By employing vertical-only scattering an entire vertical picture line is thus projected to be visible to any eyeball (generally a single eyeball) within the vertical plane containing the selected LCD column and the selected light source. Because a relatively large number of light sources are employed in the light array, comparable in number to the horizontal image resolution, it is possible to direct selected narrow picture columns, a small number at a time, with very high precision towards the individual viewers. The individual image columns are projected a few, generally one or two at a time, in succession, at high speed into each viewing eyeball so that all columns in the scene reach each eyeball in less than a persistence-of-vision interval of time and so a smooth representation of the scene in achieved.

Thus, with the required number of light sources, careful dynamic alignment between the light sources, the selected vertical LCD columns and a viewing eyeball, it becomes possible to achieve the precision and brightness required to overcome many of the problems with other autostereoscopic display systems.

Numerous patents disclose approaches to autostereoscopic displays based on flat screens which are physically integrated with lenticular lenses or with barrier shutters or both in order to direct separated images to the left and the right eyes. These systems are very limited in their ability to provide multi-viewer capability with high resolution images free of pseudoscopic zones and blank zones. Integrated, flat screens are also limited in their ability to provide multi-viewer tracking

A better approach than integrated screens is achieved by using displays where separate light sources are arranged to produce controlled directional images. Discounting elaborate holographic displays and considering autostereoscopic (left/right only) image displays, autostereoscopic displays have been achievable, in one approach, using means to rear project entire images through large lenses into the viewer's eyes. The image to be projected may be formed in an SLM, either behind the projection lens, or directly in front of the lens, and with proper image or eye placement, the viewed image fills the entire lens. Tracking is achievable by forming the image at different places on the SLM image panel, or by moving the SLM light source so as to maintain the focus point of the lens in the viewing eye. This approach requires, for TV, large lenses and a very deep projection system as well as an image screen which must produce high resolution images on small regions of the active image area. Systems of the type mentioned here are disclosed, for example, in patents such as U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,839, U.S. Pat. No. 7,753,529, U.S. Pat. No. 6,215,590, U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,807 and many others.

The problems associated with autostereoscopic systems of the type mentioned above, which have prevented commercial application, are avoided with the approach used in the presently disclosed invention. Lenses are avoided and the depth of the display device is kept at a few inches. The goal of;

(1) producing a high resolution autostereoscopic image using the full resolution capability of the image panel, and (2) producing autostereoscopic images free of pseudoscopic and blank zones, and (3) accommodating multiple viewers with bright images may be realized using the approach disclosed herein.

The main underlying principle of this invention is based on the projection of selected vertical picture columns from the image panel, a small number at a time, into viewer's eyes with high positional precision. Precise projection aiming results from using selected light sources from an array of sources and selected screen image columns where the lights are dynamically chosen for alignment with the viewer's eyes and the columns. Eye tracking technology is employed to provide the control signals to maintain the alignment.

The discussion to follow will primarily focus on a basic configuration which displays the same right-eye (or left-eye) image into the respective eyes of each viewer. In the basic embodiment, eye-tracking is employed for each viewer and each viewer will observe a stereoscopic three dimensional scene with no viewing aids.

In what follows, references will be made to certain components, or to certain sub-systems used in this invention, which are either available standard functional units, or which are sub-components which can be assembled according to the requirements spelled out in this disclosure by one skilled in the appropriate art. These items will therefore not be accorded the same detailed explanations as the completely novel elements of this invention, which include the assemblage and special configuration making use of these sub-units. This includes such items as an LCD panel, or digital video graphics circuitry such as one that separates a left-eye video stream from a right-eye video stream, or an eye tracking imager with eye tracking processing circuitry.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE DISCLOSURE LCD Panel, SLM Image Panel:

These and similar terms will be used herein in a general sense to mean a flat panel image screen, or a spatial light modulator, not necessarily liquid crystal, with the following features:

1. It has no backlight panel. 2. It must be transparent, that is to say light which passes through the screen is modulated by the color/intensity vales of the screen pixels but does not, appreciably, change direction or get diffused when leaving the screen.

VPL, Vertical Picture Line:

This defines a narrow, vertical, picture element, of full screen height, which may be one or several horizontal resolution elements wide. For convenience of explanation, later, a VPL will generally be considered to be a single pixel wide. Thus, for example, the high definition format referred to as 720p which has 1280H×720V lines of resolution, will have 1280 “vertical picture lines”, VPL's, each of which is one pixel wide and has 720 pixels arranged vertically in a column. In general, however, for very high resolution screens, it is feasible to configure VPL's which are several pixels wide while still keeping left/right scenes separated for the appropriate viewing eyes,

Transmissive VPL, Opaque VPL

Refers to the light transmissive states of a VPL; when it is “transmissive” it allows the color values of the pixels in the VPL column to modulate the light passing through VPL. For the remainder of the SLM, all VPL's are opaque, or alternatively blocked by a shutter, if not specifically noted as being transmissive.

Selected VPL's

Refers to VPL's which are made transmissive. When not selected, or un-selected or de-selected, VPL's are opaque.

Light Array, Array Lights, Light Array Panel, Strobe Lights Etc.:

Refers to an array of selectable, individual sources of light of generally small horizontal dimension closely spaced and generally extended vertically. They might be point sources of light but a preferred embodiment would have thin vertical profiles of light. The term “strobe lights” will also be used herein because these lights must supply bright flashes of short duration. The lights might be xenon or similar discharge lamps or a solid state array of vertical lines of flashable lights or of discreet LED lamps arranged in an array of columns where each column consists of one or several LED lamps.

Frame Time:

The time required to display 2 complete pictures (right-eye and left-eye) which produces a full stereoscopic image.

Scan Time, Also Field Time:

The time to complete one picture, or one field, (either right-eye or left-eye). This is one half the frame time.

720p Picture Format:

For purposes of explanation herein, the TV picture format will be assumed to be what is commonly referred to as 720p. This format has 1280 lines of horizontal resolution and 720 lines of vertical resolution. A frame time of 1/30th sec will be assumed and two fields, the right-eye image and the left-eye image, will each take 1/60th sec. These numbers may be departed from and other formats may be used without in any way departing from the spirit or scope of this invention.

Placement of Display Components

When object A is to the rear of object B, or A is behind B then it is understood that object A is further from the viewer than B. Object A is in front of object B if A is nearer to the viewer.

Vertical and Horizontal

These refer to conventional screen coordinates and not necessarily to Earth coordinates.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a depiction of the main components of the Autostereoscopic Display System.

FIG. 2 is a representation of a functional block diagram of the Autostereoscopic Display System.

FIG. 3 a illustrates the concept of optical alignment between elements of the invention and viewers eyes.

FIG. 3 b illustrates vertical dispersion at the SLM FIG. 4 a is a view of the array of lights which illuminate the viewing screen.

FIG. 4 b shows a solid state panel as an optional method to illuminate the viewing screen.

FIG. 5 is a view of the array of lights as arranged in multiple rows.

FIG. 6 a shows an example of the path of light rays which go from a selected light of the array of lights through a pixel column of a transparent viewing screen to the eye of a viewer.

FIG. 6 b shows an example of the path of light rays which go from a single light source through two pixel columns of the transparent viewing screen to the eye of a viewer.

FIG. 7 illustrates the geometry of the system which is used to explain the computation of optical lineups between the array lights, vertical pixel columns and eyeballs.

FIG. 8 shows an example of the path of light rays which are used to select pixel columns which are in line with the array lights and eyes.

FIG. 9 shows the relationship of a viewing region to the autostereoscopic screen and how complete coverage is achieved for every pixel on the viewing screen.

FIG. 10 is a cross sectional representation of the diffuser panel in front of the display screen.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The basic viewing screen, 1, described in this patent, and shown in its basic form in FIG. 1, can produce a stereoscopic image in one or several viewer's eyes located anywhere in the viewing area, 2, in front of the screen. This is accomplished without requiring any viewing aids worn by the viewers.

The viewing screen 1, in FIG. 1, consists of three panels; the light array panel, 3, the LCD image panel, 4, and the vertical dispersion panel, 5. To permit clarity for illustration in FIG. 1, the separation of the three elements, 3, 4, and 5 are shown not in proper scale. The panels 4 and 5 are in contact with, or closely positioned to each other, and panel 3 is placed, for example, several inches behind panels 4 and 5.

The LCD panel which will be referenced in this invention differs in three ways from most flat panel screens in use: it must be transparent meaning its pixels are transmissive and do not diffuse light coming through the panel and it does not have a conventional backlight panel.

The LCD panel, 4, must also be configured to allow convenient and simple selection, for display, of one or several vertical columns, each one, for example, the width of a single horizontal resolution element, in one embodiment, and defined above as a VPL. This may be accomplished by electrically configuring the LCD panel to allow switching single-pixel-wide columns between opaque or transmissive states at relatively high speed. Although this disclosure will be based on a VPL as a single pixel wide entity, in the case of super-high resolution screens a VPL could also be more than one pixel wide as a variation of the principles within the scope of this invention because, then, more than one VPL could reliably be directed into a single eye, at one time, according to the method to be elaborated later.

Alternatively, the LCD panel might consist of two light modulating layers one of which is the transparent image panel, the SLM image panel, which displays images which are static for a field-image time, for example 1/60th second. The other layer, a shutter layer, an SLM-shutter panel, consists of pixels of equivalent resolution but which switch only between transmissive and opaque states. Then VPL selection is accomplished by switching, in the shutter layer, selected columns, or shutters, to cleared pixel states which then select the VPL pixels of the SLM image panel for display while all other shutter pixels remain dark.

The strobe lights panel, 3, has a number of narrow vertical light sources, said number is not necessarily equal to the horizontal picture resolution, but could be considerably fewer, and will be presently described in greater detail. We will use later, in one embodiment by way of example only, 820 vertically oriented narrow light sources arranged in two rows, one above the other. Other possibilities include light sources within enclosures which have one or several vertical exit slits producing the equivalent of one or several light sources per enclosed lamp. For purposes of explaining the principles of this invention, we will consider arrays of single light sources without additional masking or slits modifying the lights. However, applying additional optical elements at the light arrays does not depart from the spirit or scope of this invention.

Consider a single eye in the viewing area, and one of the strobe lights, 6, which is set to be fired, or strobed. Within the constraints of the display parameters assumed later, there will always be at least one, generally two, VPL's on the LCD panel which, are close enough to be within the same vertical plane with the light emanating from the selected strobe light and an eye in the viewing area. That eye will correctly view the one or the two VPL's simultaneously. These VPL's, referred to as “inline” VPL's, are then selected, or made transmissive and when they are stable the strobe light is fired.

Assume a certain eye in the viewing region is currently in line with a certain selected VPL and a certain strobe lamp. Because the light from the strobe lamp spreads vertically, it will illuminate the entire length of the VPL and will pass through it with rays from the lamp maintaining the horizontal projection of the direction they had from the light source to the VPL. Then, a vertical dispersion panel, 7, in close proximity with the LCD panel, either behind or in front of it, will scatter the light rays in a vertical plane, said rays continuing in the same horizontal direction and entering the viewer's eye. Because of the scattering, the eye will see the full length of the VPL completely lit with all its pixel's proper color values. Any pixels contained within this VPL, seen by this eye, will not be seen by any other eye at this moment. It is assumed here, of course, that only one eye in the viewing region is in the same vertical plane just described. Intensity variations in the vertical direction will be compensated by techniques to be described later.

If this process is repeated, for one eye, with every VPL made transmissive one by one, lit by a strobe lamp which is lined up with the transmissive VPL and said eye, and if the process is completed within a persistence-of-vision time then the eye will see a complete image on the screen.

The height of the strobe light panel, 3, is not necessarily fixed by any basic requirement. It might be as high or higher than the SLM, 4, but design considerations, and available lamp technology will generally constrain it to be less. A smaller height will mean a higher required brightness per unit of height length plus careful design of the vertical dispersion panel as to be described below.

Shown in FIG. 2, a system block diagram, a video signal, 9, provides video input for the autostereoscopic display system. This signal may originate as a TV signal, a playback signal from a video recorder, or may be any signal providing right-eye and left-eye video image information. The signal must then be re-formatted in the stereo-separator unit, 10, which separates the right-eye/left-eye images into two separated video streams one of which is the right eye image and the other the left eye image.

Synchronization signals separating left/right image video as well as all other signals used for synchronization are sent on line 21 to the Sequential Strobe Control unit, 14. The Sequential Strobe Control unit, 14, then sends the required synchronization signals, on line 29, to the “VPL's vs Strobe” unit, 15, the function of which will be explained later.

By way of example only, in the descriptions to follow, we will assume the video resolution to be 1280 horizontal pixels and 720 vertical pixels. The stereo separator unit, 10, is a basic building block used in digital graphics processing well known to designers in the art and will not be further detailed here. The format, 1280×720 lines is used here as an example for explaining the operation of the system but does not limit the applicability of this system to this format only. In addition, a frame rate of 30 per second will be used here but the system as disclosed in this patent is not limited to any specific frame rate.

Located in the vicinity of the viewing screen, 1, is an eye tracking imager, 11, and an eye tracking processor, 12. These two units measure the continuously varying positions of all eyes in the viewing region in a convenient, two dimensional, coordinate system, X and Y, to be elaborated later. The measured positions are maintained and updated in the Eye(s) Position Data Table, 13. One or several small markers placed around the rear of the viewing area (not shown) could be used as alignment points to allow the imager to maintain the required precision of measurement. Eye tracking techniques will not be further discussed as such techniques would be familiar to those skilled in the art.

The sequential strobe control unit, 14, using a list of strobe lights and the sequence and grouping in which they are strobed, sends the strobe selection signal to the viewing screen as well as to the “VPL's vs STROBE” unit, 15. The VPL's vs STROBE unit, 15, accepts the measured eye coordinates, Xe and Ye, 16, of all eyes in the viewing area, and finds VPL numbers for VPL's in line with viewing eyes and the strobe lights which are about to be strobed. The VPL numbers, in this context, are simply numbers which identify the individual VPL's and might be, for example, numbers 0 to 1279 for the VPL's in numerical order sequence. The fetched VPL numbers are sent to the LCD panel, on line 20, to select, or make transmissive the inline VPL's. The “VPL's vs Strobe” unit also sends the R/L IMAGE SELECT PULSE, 17, which alternates the selection of the right-eye or left-eye image, in the R/L video selector, 18, to be sent, on line 19, to the LCD panel, 4, of FIG. 1.

The “VPL's vs STROBE” unit, 15, based on the current positions of the eyes, creates a data table of VPL numbers, VPL,n, versus strobe lamp number, STR,n for each eye in the view region. For the configuration used presently by way of example, to explain the operation of this invention, this table will have, for each eye, (left or right depending on the current scan) 820 (for example, to be explained later) sets of numbers; a strobe lamp number and all the corresponding “lined-up” VPL numbers. Every strobe lamp will be fired (in groups) and generally two VPL's from the data table will be made transmissive per strobe lamp per viewing eye. Thus, after the succession of groups are fired, every one of the 1280 VPL's will have been seen at every eye position in the viewing area, and as will be described below for one particular embodiment, generally two VPL's will be selected for every strobe/eye lineup. Although flashing the strobe lamps in groups represents the preferred embodiment for this disclosure, the lamps, in some configurations, may also be fired singly without departing from the spirit or scope of this invention.

The VPL's remain transmissive until the just-fired strobe lamps turn off and then the transmissive VPL's are made opaque and the next group of VPL's are selected and the process repeats. The right or left eye picture is stored in the LCD panel for one scan interval ( 1/60th sec) and then the picture for the other eye is similarly stored during the next scan interval to avoid the need for extremely fast and frequent picture switching. The only need for high speed switching, as described earlier, is in making VPL's transmissive or opaque and this could be accomplished with a separate SLM-shutter panel in which the shutters are as wide as the VPL's and are aligned with the SLM image panel's VPL's. The SLM-shutter panel columns, using LCD or comparable technology, requiring simply binary states, opaque or clear, would be capable of the high speed switching required.

A workable configuration for this invention is not, of course, limited to what was described with reference to FIG. 2. It is understood that the same functionality described with FIG. 2 might be achieved in many different, but equivalent, configurations without departing from the intent and spirit of the invention.

The basic principles of autostereoscopic display as embodied in this invention will now be explained in greater detail in FIG. 3 a starting first with reference again to FIG. 1. What is required is to direct selected images into selected eyes. The location of the viewers eyes must be known for the viewer adaptive approach discussed here and the locations are determined using available eye-tracking technology shown in FIG. 2.

As described earlier, one of the strobe lamps will always be closely in line (in a vertical plane) with at least one of the VPL's, and an eyeball, so as to allow the light from those VPL's to enter each of the lined-up viewing eyes. The light emerging from the screen, as a result of the rippled or corrugated vertical cross section of the dispersion panel, 5, will be scattered vertically and thus the viewing eye will see light from the entire length of the VPL.

FIG. 3 a shows the strobe lights panel, 3, and the vertical dispersion panel, 5. The LCD image panel, 4, of FIG. 1, is not shown separately in FIG. 3 a but is configured to be in close proximity to the vertical dispersion panel, 5. Two selected transmissive VPL's, on the LCD screen are represented at 25 and 26.

As an alternative to the single closely spaced LCD image panel above, a second SLM layer, also in close proximity with the image panel, is configured to produce only clear VPL's in an otherwise opaque panel, similarly illustrated at 5 in FIG. 3 a. Thus while the LCD image panel maintains an unchanging image for a field period, for example 1/60th sec, the second SLM layer would be rapidly producing clear VPL's, such as 25 and 26 to allow light to pass through single VPL's in the image panel. The high speeds required for VPL selection would be more easily attainable in the second SLM layer, where switching only between transparent and opaque states is required and where ferroelectric liquid crystal technology would be applicable.

The strobe lights, 6, are shown all dark, unlit, except for one, 22 which is lit. As will be shown presently, more than one strobe light is lit simultaneously based on the parameters chosen for the particular design. Additionally, each strobe light may have more than one exit slit for the light it emits although for all the examples to follow this will not be the case. For the design example described later, 5 strobe lights are lit simultaneously.

By way of example only, two eyes are shown at 23 and 24. Thus, as described earlier, every VPL will, at some point during the scan time, be lit (transmissive) when said VPL is in line, in a vertical plane, with an eye and one of the strobe lights. In general, every VPL, of the 1280 VPL's, will be selected and lit as many times as there are eyes (both left and right) in the viewing area.

In this example shown in FIG. 3 a, the transmissive VPL's. 25 and 26 were selected by the “VPL's vs STROBE” unit, 15, of FIG. 2, because they were lined up with the lit strobe, 22, and eyes 23 and 24 respectively as would be seen in an overhead view of the apparatus. At 27 and 28 we see a bundle of light rays, each contained within vertical planes, which emanate from single pixels each from VPL's 25 and 26 respectively. The light ray groups, 27 and 28 which emanate from the single pixel locations are dispersed vertically, as described earlier, by the horizontal corrugations seen on the vertical dispersion panel, 5. In a view from above, the bundle of rays, 27, would be a single, straight line connecting the eye 23 and the VPL, 25, and which if extended meets strobe light 22. The same applies to eye 24 and VPL 26.

Although FIG. 3 a shows just one ray bundle emanating from each of the two VPL's it is understood that similar ray bundles emanate from every pixel contained in each transmissive VPL so that each eye, 23 and 24, in this case and at this point in time, will see every pixel, from top to bottom, in VPL's 25 and 26 respectively. Furthermore, because of the close spacing of the VPL's, several are sufficiently closely lined up with an eye and any lit strobe so that several adjacent VPL's (generally two) may be selected simultaneously for every eye in the viewing area. As will be shown later, although more than one strobe light may be aligned with an eyeball, one of them will be more closely aligned than the others, and the best aligned strobe in each case is picked for any given eye and VPL.

FIG. 3 b illustrates how an eye, 24, sees the entire length of a VPL as a result of vertical scattering from the vertical dispersion panel, 5, under the same conditions as in FIG. 3 a. The set of light rays 29 and 30, which are coplanar, depict the approximate upper and lower limits of rays emanating from all pixels in the VPL represented by the vertical lit line at 26. As in FIG. 3 a, the ray bundle, 28, represents the rays from just a single pixel in the VPL but typifies the rays which come from every pixel along the VPL. Thus FIG. 3 b illustrates how light rays transmit from every pixel on VPL 26 to the in-line eye at 24.

The vertical dispersion panel, 5, has a vertical cross section revealing a corrugated type of structure designed to scatter light vertically. The horizontal cross section of the dispersion panel consists only of straight, horizontal lines so that no horizontal angular deflection of light occurs when passing through the dispersion panel. The corrugated structure of the dispersion panel, 5, in a preferred embodiment contains elements of Fresnel lenses which are designed to favor light at more nearly horizontal angles in the forward direction over light at much higher or lower angles. The dimensions of the repeating cross section elements of the vertical dispersion panel are fabricated to be less than the size of the vertical picture resolution elements of the LCD screen.

If glass is used for the vertical dispersion panel a low dispersive glass will be used to minimize undesired chromatic effects in the scene.

We now consider that the viewing area has not just one viewer, but multiple viewers, and in general, pairs of eyes for all viewers in the viewing region. Thus VPL's are made transmissive, not just one at a time, but several in groups to provide lit VPL's for every left (for example) eye in the viewing region. Thus, while a given strobe light(s) is/are lit, all VPL's on the LCD panel are selected for all left viewing eyes in line with the lit strobe light(s). This process proceeds for all strobe lights and every left eye has viewed the entire left-eye scene. Then the same process repeats for all right eyes. Thus in one frame time (for example 1/30th sec) the process described herein would have illuminated every part of the screen with all the vertical picture lines of the scene and a complete autostereoscopic scene will be seen alternating with all left eyes and all right eyes.

The radiant energy required for the strobe lights will now be analyzed. We will use as a baseline example, a requirement for 500 candela per square meter screen brightness. We assume, for convenience, a pixel size of 0.04 inches, a screen width of 51.2 and a height of 28.8 inches.

With a VPL area of 0.00072 sq m, the lumen output from the screen for completely scattered light would be 0.00072×500=0.36 lumens per steradian for each VPL. The light which leaves the screen in this invention is directed into zones, by way of example, 25 degrees (vertical) by 1 degree (horizontal) which are much smaller than the range covered by the scattered light from a conventional screen.

The narrow viewing zone, 25 deg-sq converts to 0.0076 steradians.

Thus, 0.0076 steradians×0.36 lumens/steradian=0.00274 lumens required per VPL to maintain 500 candela brightness for an eye located in the zone (assumed normal to the screen).

Ideal radiance wattage=lumens/683=0.00274/683=4.0 e−6. watts average per VPL.

LED's and arc lamps vary very widely in efficiency, but we will use 10% as an example. Thus lamp average wattage per VPL=4.0 e−5. In one embodiment, one lamp will illuminate 256 VPL's with an assumed effectiveness of 50%.

Required average power per lamp=2×256×4.0 e−5=0.02 watts (per either right or left eye scene). Since 2 fields must be lit independently for each eye;

average power per lamp=0.04 watts

Total screen power=820 lamps×0.04=32.8 watts.

Since the array lamps are pulsed, or strobed, for example, for a duration of 50 microseconds, 60 times per second, this represents a duty cycle of (60×0.000050) or 0.003. Since the average power equals peak power times the duty cycle the required peak power per each 50 microsecond flash is then 0.04/0.003=13.3 watts peak.

The narrow vertical angle is achievable with special shaping of the vertical dispersion panel at the image SLM, to be described later.

The modest amount of average power needed is because the light which enters the eye in this invention does not come from widely scattered light from the screen elements, but primarily directly from light sources into the viewer's eye(s). This is best understood by realizing that screen pixels in this invention are transparent and the viewing eye is looking almost directly into the brilliant source of light itself.

This calculation is strongly dependant on the parameters of the system as for example the luminance efficiency which varies greatly with the technology chosen.

An important consideration is the switching speed required for the LCD screen. As described earlier, the scene, in our example format, changes each 1/60th of a second between right eye and left eye views. However, VPL's must be made transmissive and then opaque in the time allocated for each group of strobe lights which are strobed together, approximately 70 microseconds in this example. In a preferred embodiment, the entire scene, in the SLM image panel, remains fixed for the entire 1/60th of a second. The selection of VPL's is accomplished using an auxiliary SLM layer which functions only to provide a shutter image which then selects the VPL's in the SLM image panel layer. The shutter image panel need be only either clear or opaque but must operate at the higher switching speed. The required switching speeds for the VPL shutter columns are, however, achievable at the limits of ferroelectric liquid crystal technology.

FIG. 4 a shows a magnified detail of the strobe lights panel, 3, showing strobe lights, 32, embedded in adjacent closely spaced recessed areas, 33, one for each lamp.

The interior of said recessed areas containing the lights will be highly reflective to promote most of the light to leave the enclosure.

Since the lamp arrangement at 33 would favor light exiting horizontally whereas an even illumination of the VPL columns, from top to bottom, is preferred, a vertical dispersion panel, 35, is placed directly in front of, and closely spaced to the lights. The surface of the panel, 35 will consist of horizontal corrugations of shallow lens-like shapes. If, in an alternative approach, the strobe array panel is designed with a height greater, possibly 20 percent greater, than the LCD image panel, vertical dispersion provided by a screen, such as 35, would be unnecessary.

All exposed surfaces in the interior of the display screen behind the LCD panel must be coated to be as dark as possible to minimize unwanted light being visible to the viewers through the SLM image panel.

The strobe lamps, 32, will, in this preferred embodiment, be flashed in small groups, (each group with possibly five at a time flashed simultaneously) with groups being lit in succession, though other embodiments of this invention might utilize the lights to be lit in other orders and other grouping or singly without departing from the scope of this invention. The time between triggers to the strobe lights will be tens of microseconds. In the example to follow the time between strobe triggers is in the range of 70 microseconds although the actual “lit” or strobe time of the lights might be considerably less.

The lamps may be xenon flash types, or any similar type of discharge lamp which is capable of brief, high brightness output. The light source may also consist of a panel of vertically arranged solid state lights. Since the lights need only be point sources horizontally, they may be columns of sets of single point sources vertically, as well as multiple point sources or linear sources, all vertically arranged. This is because in the vertical plane it is necessary only to provide illumination to light the pixels. Although the term “point source” is used here and elsewhere in the description, it is to be understood that the light source will be required to have a finite width and the size of the width will be discussed later. The color of the lights is preferably neutral so as to not offset the required image colors. In the event the lights are not sufficiently neutral compensation on the image screen could be used to compensate the error.

The light going from the light source through the image panel pixel will then be scattered vertically at the image panel as a result of vertical dispersion panel, 5, shown in FIG. 1. Horizontally, however, the light must pass through the SLM image panel pixels and not appreciably change its direction. The vertical dispersion panel, 35, is not to be confused with the vertical dispersion panel, 5, in FIG. 1, as vertical dispersion panel, 5, disperses light from the image panel pixels.

Non-stereoscopic video content: Conventional monoscopic video content may be viewed by setting all VPL's transmissive and flashing all strobe lights simultaneously or in some arbitrary sequence at a frame rate of, for example, 60 per second. Another approach would be to provide a uniformly luminous panel, 36, of width equal to the light source array and placed either above or below it, directed at the screen to provide a diffuse source of white light to every screen pixel. The height of this panel must of course be limited so as to not block the light from the light array, 3, reaching every point on the image screen.

FIG. 4 b shows a panel of solid state lights which, as mentioned, is an option as a source of light for illuminating the SLM of this invention for autostereoscopic viewing. Since the array lights are generally lit for very brief periods, 60 times per second in this embodiment, the light output when strobed must be relatively high to maintain the average output needed although the average power needed, as shown earlier, is relatively low. The height required for the array of lights is not critical. All that is required is that the light spreads vertically to a sufficient degree to adequately illuminate the entire column of pixels. Any non-uniformity of pixel brightness could be compensated for in the design of the circuitry which controls the image panel by reducing the brightness of pixels at mid-screen height, and then increasing the brightness, transmissivity, as the pixels get closer to the upper and lower edge of the screen.

In addition to varying pixel brightness to compensate for screen non-uniform brightness with height, additional compensation may be achieved by incorporating with the vertical scattering panel, 7, in FIG. 1, a panel with finely structured Fresnel type lenses which would redirect the light from the upper and lower region of the screen to a more horizontal direction to provide better uniformity.

Another source of non uniform illumination occurs for shallow viewing angles as would occur for viewers located at the sides of the viewing area. Here also, the algorithms to be used for selecting VPL's and strobes can also compute the viewing angle for any VPL/strobe combination and VPL brightness can be dynamically adjusted accordingly to maintain generally uniform intensity across the screen.

FIG. 5 shows strobe lights in more than one row showing how lights which may have diameters too great for one row may be staggered in multiple rows. The vertical dispersion panel, 35, not shown in this view would be used to provide improved uniform vertical illumination. If required due to space limitations, 3 or more rows of lamps would be used and that would be included as part of this invention as the spirit of this disclosure does not specify any particular number of strobe light rows.

FIG. 6 a, is an overhead view showing how viewing zones, W1 and W2, per eye, are formed in a particular embodiment of the invention. In this example it is assumed that each strobe light has a single wide opening, 39, to allow its light to exit. The spacing of the strobe lights, (and their centers) are represented by the short vertical lines at 3 in FIG. 6 a. In this example, the width of the light source is greater than the spacing of the lights thus requiring multiple light rows.

FIG. 6 a will serve as a basis for deriving expressions for computing the viewing zone dimensions at the viewer's eyes.

Given the following:

L=the width of a strobe light shown in FIG. 6, 39. d=the width of a VPL one of which is shown at 42. (The space between the dots.)

-   -   A VPL here is assumed to have the width of a single horizontal         picture element, pixel.         D=the distance from the image panel, 4, to the viewing region.         S=the distance the strobe array panel, 3, is behind the image         panel, 4.

Considering the point of intersection of the two light-rays, 45, 47, shown defining the limits of zone, W2, three triangles may be defined:

1. the said point of intersection and the VPL width, 42, 2. the said point of intersection and the strobe light width, 39, and 3. the said point of intersection and the view zone W2.

In addition, consider the zone formed by two rays from one end of the light 39 which pass through the two edges of VPL 42.

The following expressions result:

W2=D*d*((L/d)+1)/S  (1)

W1=D*d*((L/d)−1)/S  (2)

The zone W1 is seen to be a region within which an eye, 41, will see the VPL, 42, evenly illuminated by the light 39. An eye located outside of W1 but within W2 will see reduced illumination of the VPL diminishing to zero at the edge of zone W2. The goal is for all view points to be located only within W1 type regions and this is achievable as will be shown.

In order that there be no spaces between W1 zones in the viewing region, and also to use the minimum number of strobe lights, the spacing, DEL, between the lights must be:

DEL=horizontal separation of the strobe lights=W1/(D/S)  (3)

Equations (1) to (3) are approximate, but very close, expressions for realistic display configurations.

In many cases the spacing given by DEL is less than the width, L, required of the light source. This leads to multiple rows required for the strobe lights.

Consider the following case as an example of a configuration:

For this example a single opening (per lamp) is 0.12 inches wide and lamp spacing is 0.08 inches. Since the lamps in this example have a greater diameter than the required spacing then two rows (or more) may be used as shown in FIG. 5.

Consider the following dimensions:

1. D, the LCD panel to viewer distance equal to five feet, 2. d, the VPL spacing on the LCD panel equal to 0.04 inches, 3. L, the strobe light exit width equals 0.12 inches, 4. S, the distance from the strobe array panel to the image panel is 5 inches, and 5. W1, the eye-view zone width requirement is set at approximately one inch.

The viewing region, W1, with an eye positioned as shown at 41, is seen to be a region in which the light rays from light, 39, passing through the VPL, 42, maintain relatively constant brightness across the W1 zone. The region W2 is seen to be a region where the illumination goes from the value within W1 to zero.

Using expressions (1) to (3) and the assumptions stated above, the width of W2 is approximately two inches and W1 is approximately one inch. The strobe light spacing is approximately 0.08 inches.

As will be seen presently, under the current assumptions, a W1 region can always be found for any VPL so that an eye, 41, will always be somewhere within W1. Thus, because the average inter-ocular spacing is slightly more than 2.5 inches and so the widths chosen here for W1 and W2 will never put left-eye pictures into the right eye or vice-versa. The illumination function at W1 and W2 closely approximates a trapezoidal function.

FIG. 6 b shows how two VPL's may be made visible, with this configuration, simultaneously to a single eye. Strobe light source 46 is lit and VPL's 43 and 44 are transmissive and produce constant illumination viewing zones V2 and V1 respectively. A zone common to V1 and V2 is shown at V3 where viewing eye, 41, can see both VPL's simultaneously lit by a single strobe light, 46. This demonstrates how fewer strobe lights than VPL's can nevertheless make every VPL visible to every eye in the view region.

To ensure that VPL's are not missed, lineups are produced by taking every VPL once and finding a single, best aligned, strobe light, 39, for each eye in the viewing region. This guarantees that every VPL will be seen by every eye, and that any VPL is chosen exactly once for each eye/strobe lineup. As will be elaborated later, this procedure will produce a data set of strobe/VPL lineups for every left eye and another data set of strobe/VPL lineups for every right eye. Various other approaches and orders for selecting strobe/VPL lineups which might be more suitable within other embodiments might be used while still remaining within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

As with any type of autostereoscopic display system, errors in the placement of the light sources which project through the image panel and send directed light rays to viewer's eyes will cause unwanted displacement of image pixels relative to the eyes. When the light source is integral with the image panel the required positional precision of the components of the panel is very high. In this invention, because the strobe light array is located a short distance behind the image panel the error in position of the light sources may be considerably relaxed. For example, with a 5 inch separation between the light source array and the image panel, and a viewing distance of 5 feet, the light sources must maintain a positional accuracy of 0.0083 inches, after an installation, to keep the viewing zones to within 0.1 inches of the expected positions.

As mentioned earlier, the use of two or more slits per lamp are included in the spirit and scope of this invention. Such arrangements may allow shaping the illumination function as might be better suited for certain applications.

FIG. 7 shows an overhead view of the screen and an example of a coordinate system which may be used to describe the operation of this system, and in particular the “VPL's vs Strobe” unit, 14, shown in FIG. 2, which computes which VPL's are lined up with viewing eyes and strobe lights. The strobe lights may be fired in any order although a sequence of groups to be described later is one of several possible efficient methods. As strobe lights are scheduled for firing, the VPL's which are to be made transmissive are selected from the “VPL's vs Strobe” table which holds the data matching strobe lights with lined-up eyes and VPL's. The dimensions and placement of the various components of this invention may be varied as system parameters are varied without departing from the basic scope disclosed in this description.

FIG. 7 shows VPL locations at 4, as a horizontal projection, with VPL center-lines as tic-marks within the rectangle, 4. The strobe light panel is shown at 3, along the X axis, with the positions of the centers of individual lights shown as vertical tic marks, as at 48 for example.

the following illustrates an approach for finding line-ups between eyes, strobe lights and VPL's.

For this example we assume, for simplicity:

1. The screen resolution is 1280H×720V, thus there are 1280 VPL's. 2. The horizontal spacing of the strobe light sources is twice the spacing of the VPL's, or 0.08 inches, and the light sources each have a width of approximately 0.12 inches and so they may be arranged in two rows, one atop the other. 3. The image screen is 51.2 inches wide (1280 times 0.04 inches). 4. The viewing region width is ten feet wide at a nominal distance of 5 feet, 5. The light rays from any VPL, in the viewing region at 5 feet, will produce a viewable, uniform brightness region contained approximately within a 1 inch wide bundle It should be noted that the viewers are not confined to a single row, The seating might be staggered in two or more rows as long as viewing eyes are in view of the eye tracker and the screen. 6. The strobe light array, 3, is approximately 5 inches behind the image panel, 4. 7. Xe and Ye in FIG. 7 are the X and Y eye coordinates in the horizontal plane and the position of an array light will be considered to be the X value of its vertical axis.

These parameters lead to a width of 65.466 inches for the width of the strobe panel (see FIG. 9, 3, for the configuration). With light source widths of 0.12 inches there are, therefore, 820 strobe lights arranged in two rows of 410 light each.

For each eye, a lineup is sought for every one of the 1280 VPL's with the eye and the one best aligned strobe light to produce the required picture on the screen. This is assured by computing line-ups for each VPL, one-by-one in order, for each eye. Of course, the same VPL is used several times for lineups with different eyes. In some cases two strobe lights may line up with an eye and a VPL. When that occurs the most closely lined-up strobe gets chosen ensuring exactly one strobe light is obtained for each eye-VPL pair.

Finding the “lined-up” strobe lights given a VPL number and an eye position:

The approach is the same for single or multi-rowed array lights since the geometry is analyzed in the horizontal plane. The process starts with finding the line connecting the given VPL and the eye. Then an intersection is found between the said line and the X axis (equivalent to the intersection with the strobe array panel). The nearest strobe light (midpoint) is the best selection and can be shown to guarantee that the eye is in the constant illumination region. The numbering system for the VPL's, in this example, starts with VPL=0 and ends at 1279. The first VPL, VPL,0 is shown in FIG. 7 at the left end of the VPL panel, 4, and has an “X” location of X,lcd. The “Y” coordinate value of the LCD image panel, 4, is shown as Y,lcd. As mentioned, the strobe lights are placed along the X axis with the X value of midpoint of the first light, STR,1, set at X=0.

Given: (The following parameters are arbitrarily selected to illustrate the process)

1. Xe, Ye, the X and Y eye positions (Z dimension is not used); 2. STR,n, the position number of the strobe light to be found 3. X,str is the X value of the exact lineup point at the strobe light panel for which the closest strobe light is sought. The midpoint of a strobe light which is closest to X,str will be the one selected. 4. Y,lcd, the Y value of the LCD screen, (=−5 in) 5. d, 0.04 inches, is the VPL spacing. Strobe light horizontal spacing is twice d 6. X,lcd=the X value at the start point of the LCD panel, is:

-   -   X,lcd=0.5(65.47−51.2)=7.135 inches.         7. VPL,n is the nth VPL the X position of which, X,vpl, is at         the center of the VPL         X,vpl=X,lcd+0.04VPL,n; the X value at the middle of the nth VPL.     -   (the first VPL is VPL,0).

Finding STR,n Given Xe, Ye, and any VPL,n:

a=Xe−X,vpl (see FIG. 7)

a/b=(Ye−Y,lcd)/Ye (similar triangles)

thus:

-   -   b=Ye(Xe−X,lcd−0.04VPL,n)/(Ye−Y,lcd)         thus with the given parameters:     -   b=Ye (Xe−7.135−0.04VPL,n)/(Ye−5)         then, X,str=Xe−b     -   X,str=Xe−Ye (Xe−7.135−0.04VPL,n)/(Ye−(−5))         and strobe number, STR,n=X,str/strobe spacing     -   STR,n=nearest integer of (X,str/0.08)         -   (Strobe numbers start at 0 for X,str=0.)

Thus a table can be built finding a strobe light for every VPL aligned with a given eye. This process is then repeated for each eye filling the VPL's vs Strobe table, 15, of FIG. 2.

It should be recalled that this example is consistent with the double row 820 strobe lights arrangement, see FIG. 5 discussed earlier which uses light diameters of 0.12 inches because the light spacing, viewed from above, is 0.08 inches. The values used above are an example only.

FIG. 8 shows a representation of the way connection lines between a viewer's eyes and VPL's in the LCD screen are related to the selection of strobe lights. Shown here are lines, 48, representing the positions at the centers of individual strobe lamps. Lines 49 and 50 are connection lines to an eye needed to find strobe lights which are most closely aligned with the eyeball and the VPL's 51 and 52. (The VPL's are represented by the spaces between the lines shown at 4).

The following is an example of the computational method which determines which strobe light will be matched with a given VPL. Every VPL, 0 to 1279, is matched. In operation, VPL's are selected as each of the strobe lights (five at a time in the embodiment to be elaborated later) are lit. The configuration used for this illustration is the double rowed strobe light array using 820 lights. Lights will be identified by a number, from 1 to 820 in sequence from left to right ignoring that the lights are positioned in two rows of differing heights.

With reference to both FIGS. 7 and 8:

Assume the following: (all dimensions are given in inches)

1. an eye position, Xe=80, Ye=−60

2. Y,lcd=−5

3. d=0.04 (width of VPL's) 4. X,lcd=7.13 inches, starting point of LCD panel 5. assume VPL,n, VPL numbers, are 500, 501, and 502, for which line-ups are sought. using the expressions developed for FIG. 7:

for VPL,n=500:

b=Ye(Xe−7.135−0.04(500))/(Ye−(−5))=57.67

then, X,str=Xe−b=80−57.67=22.33 STR,n=X,str/0.08=279.11, thus strobe number 279 is used for VPL,n=500.

Similarly, for VPL,n=501; X,str=279.66 and strobe number 280 is closest, and

for VPL,n=502; X,str=280.2 and strobe number 280 is chosen.

Thus, two VPL numbers, 501 and 502, may be selected simultaneously and illuminated by strobe number 280.

FIG. 9 shows an example of the viewing layout for the autostereoscopic TV described herein. The viewing screen is shown at 53 and the viewing region at 54. The explanation here holds for either single or multi-rowed array lights.

The angles, 55 and 56 illustrate the angular limits of the possible viewing region and would be based on criteria for minimum viewing angles relative to the screen surface consistent with an acceptable amount of visual degradation. FIG. 9 is approximately scaled to the parameters of the design example used earlier: the spacing between the strobe lights, 3, and the LCD, 4, is approximately 5 inches. The screen width (LCD), is 51.2 inches. The distance from the screen to the viewing region is approximately 5 feet and the width of the viewing area is approximately 10 feet. The width of the strobe light array panel, 3, is 65.46 inches as determined geometrically from the dimensions discussed here for this particular example. Again, these numbers are illustrative only. For example, the viewing region might be preferred at a distance of 6 feet providing a width of about 12 feet. However, regardless where the optimum viewing distance is set, the adaptive approach, because eye locations are tracked, provides considerable accommodation for differing distances of viewers.

FIG. 9 also shows how the individual strobe lights only light up a fraction of the VPL's of the display and yet, cumulatively, light up every VPL on the screen for every viewer in the viewing zone. “Lighting up” here means selecting a VPL which is in-line with an eye, said VPL and a strobe light. For example, the strobe light, 58, needs only illuminate VPL's contained between lines 59 and 60. In general, for the set of parameters used here by way of example only, each strobe needs to supply light over an angle of approximately 90 degrees or less, as seen in FIG. 9. For this reason, an increase in luminous efficiency could be realized by making the inside of the strobe light enclosures reflective and then shaping them to favor directing light within the ninety degree angle toward the image panel. In addition, as mentioned earlier, a molded lenticular lens panel, consisting of an array of vertically oriented lenses, one for each strobe light could provide additional directivity for the light toward the image panel

Generating a complete scene on the display screen means that at some point during each scan period, every VPL must be selected and lit for every eye position in the viewing area. Stated differently, every VPL and every eye position must be lined-up (at least) once in each scan with at least one strobe light.

It is also seen in FIG. 9 that several strobe lights may be lit simultaneously without duplicating selected VPL's with lined up eyes in any one strobing interval. For example strobe lights 58 and 61 have no common VPL's that can possibly have viewer eye line-ups. Furthermore, strobe light 61 has no common VPL's with VPL's which can be lit by the strobe lights 62, 63, and 64. The strobe lights, 62, 63, 64, 61 and 58 may therefore be lit simultaneously to provide visible VPL's to various eyes that might be lined up somewhere in the viewing area. It can be shown, geometrically, that for the viewing region used here as an example, 5 strobe lights can be programmed to be strobed simultaneously without having duplicated line-ups with eyes and VPL's.

The strobe lights, 62, 63, 64, 61, and 58 are chosen to be equally separated and they are all strobed simultaneously. Then, after 71.11 microseconds (explained below) the next light to the right of each one is flashed. Then, the next group of five, to the right, are flashed and so on until after 164 such cycles every strobe light in the entire array will have been lit. Every possible eye line-up has at this point been processed and every (either left or right) eye in the viewing region has seen every image screen VPL, and thus a complete scene, completing one scan as defined earlier in 1/60th second.

Thus, averaging 5 strobe lights firing simultaneously means that there would be 820/5 (=164) or 164 groups of five strobe lights with all 164 groups fired per image field.

There is considerable variability allowed in this system which is covered by the basic disclosure herein. For example:

1, other screen resolutions as for example 1920H resolution, 2, different screen sizes, 3, strobe light spacing set at other than two times VPL spacing, 4, various different lighting technologies are applicable to this application, 5, number of exit slits for light per strobe light other than one or two.

Although the viewing region, referenced throughout this disclosure, has been set at 5 feet as an example, this invention could be optimized for other distances. In addition, the design distance is not critical as the eye-tracking system automatically aims the lit VPL's correctly at eyes. Also, because of the use of eye-tracking, viewers may sit in more than one row if they sit at staggered positions so that they are visible to the eye-tracker.

Example of an Alternative Screen Resolution

The following is an example of a configuration according to this invention based on a different screen resolution and different screen parameters.

Assume screen resolution is 800×600.

Assume image screen width is 48 inches.

where: d=width of a single horizontal screen resolution element, d=48/800=0.06 in

Assume the strobe light. panel is 5 inches (S) behind the image panel, and the viewing region is approximately 5 feet (D) in front of the display with the physical layout approximately as shown in FIG. 9. Based on this geometry, the strobe light panel here is 62 inches wide.

Using the expressions, (1) to (3) derived earlier, the following values are obtained:

For strobe lamp width=twice d, or 0.12 inches;

W1, see FIG. 6 a, =0.72 inches and W2=2.16 inches. DEL=0.72/12=0.06 inches, strobe light separation, and number of strobe lamps=62/0.06=1033.

For strobe lamp width=three times d, or 0.18 inches (L/d=3);

W1=1.44 inches, and W2=2.88 inches. DEL=1.44/12=0.12 inches and number of strobe lamps=62/0.12=517

With L/d=3, for any eye location at the top of the illumination trapezoid, the illumination function will go to zero at a distance which is less than 1.44+0.5(1.44) or 2.16 inches. Since this is about ½ inch less than average inter-ocular distance, L/d=3 might be considered marginally acceptable.

If the distance, S, is reduced to approximately 3 inches for example, and L/d is approximately 2, the required radiant output per strobe light goes down but the number of lights goes up. There is a considerable continuum possible in the system parameters to meet differing needs.

FIG. 10 shows a representation of the profile of the dispersion panel, 5, of FIG. 1. Shown are segments of three sections of the panel: upper, middle and lower although it is understood that the transition of the profile along the vertical is smooth and continuous between the three representations shown here.

All of the segments show a repeating vertical convex curvature structure, 68, of dimensions which are smaller than the size of vertical screen pixels. The amount of curvature, and the exact shape of the curve does not limit the basic scope of this invention. It should be noted, also, the desirability of including horizontal steps, 69, also of small dimensions, to allow the curved part to be tilted forming the equivalent of a Fresnel lens. This will thus redirect light from excessively high or low angles to a more horizontal direction thereby increasing the brightness of the image.

Non viewer-adaptive systems: The disclosure herein has revolved around a viewer adaptive approach in which the positions of the viewers eyes are measured and that information is used to accommodate the screen activity to supply light rays from every VPL to every viewer's eyes. However, a non adaptive system may be made in which this is absent and to compensate this, the viewers must sit in specified locations to match the locations where complete pictures can be seen. This could be accomplished by providing, as an input into the system, a selectable set of X and Y positions from where it is desired to view the images, said inputs would then be inputted as fixed values into the Eye(s) Position Data Table as fixed viewer locations and the system will then function as described earlier but with fixed viewing positions.

System Timing And Data Tables:

The following is a description of an approach to managing the computations and data required for operation of the autostereoscopic display described herein. This embodiment is based on certain parametric assumptions expressed earlier. The assumptions may be varied and the data management may be varied without departing from the basic scope disclosed here for this invention.

The data management for this autostereoscopic system can be separated into four functional areas:

1. Viewer eye position measurement. 2. Computer search for all vertical plane line-ups of eye positions with strobe lights and VPL's. 3. Formatting the data from 2 above into a form, the “VPL's vs STROBE” table, which makes convenient the extraction of every VPL position (VPL number) for all either right eyes or left eyes given a strobe lamp number. 4. Management of the sequence of operations needed to produce the results called for in this application. This includes; (1) generating a system synch pulse which triggers the start of a screen scan alternating between a left eye view and a right eye view, (2) selecting the right or left eye video image to be sent to the LCD screen for the duration of the scan interval,

-   -   then—after a “set-up” interval during which the selected right         or left video image becomes stabilized on the SLM,         (3) the first group of strobe lights (5 lights) is selected to         be strobed,         (4) using the “VPL's vs STROBE” table to provide the VPL number         of every VPL lineup with the selected strobe lights and every         eye, (either right or left based on the alternating selection         made in (1) above), and then selecting these VPL's,         (5) flashing the strobe lights in the group selected in (3)         above,         (6) de-selecting the previously selected VPL's,         (7) repeating steps (3) to (6) selecting the next group (in         step 3) of strobe lights until all 164 groups have been         processed,         (8) returning to (1) and alternate the left/right choice and         repeat all steps.

The following explains the data tables to be constructed to facilitate the above processing procedure.

1. Eye Position Data

The measurements used to produce this data table are run continuously in the background keeping eye positions current.

The X and Y position data for every right and left eye is stored here.

EYE POSITION DATA TABLE All Left Eyes:    X,L1,  Y,L1    X,L2  Y,L2    X,L3  Y,L3    —    —    — All Right Eyes    X,R1  Y,R1    X,R2  Y,R2    X,R3  Y,R3    —    —    —

2. Strobe Light/Eye Lineups

This table holds the complete list of all lineups of every eye in the viewing region with each strobe light and all VPL's.

The results based on the method for finding lineups between VPL's, strobe lights and eyes as described earlier are stored here in the following format:

STROBE LIGHT/EYE LINEUPS VPL numbers STROBE numbers ALL LEFT EYE/STROBES LINEUPS LEFT EYE 1: VPL,0 STROBE(L1, VPL,0) VPL,1 STROBE(L1, VPL,1) VPL,2 — VPL,3 — — — — — VPL,1279 STROBE(L1, VPL,1279) LEFT EYE 2 VPL,0 STROBE(L2, VPL,0) VPL,1 STROBE(L2, VPL,1) — — VPL,1279 STROBE(L2, VPL,1279) LEFT EYE 3 — — — — CONTINUE WITH ALL LEFT EYES AS ABOVE ALL RIGHT EYE/STROBES LINEUPS RIGHT EYE 1 VPL,0 STROBE(R1, VPL,0) VPL,1 STROBE(R1, VPL,1) — — VPL,1279 STROBE(R1, VPL,1279) RIGHT EYE 2 VPL,0 STROBE(R2, VPL,0) — — — — CONTINUE WITH ALL RIGHT EYE LINEUPS

3. Data Re-Arranged: VPLnumbers Vs STROBEnumber Lineup Table

The data shown here explains the “VPL's vs STROBE” unit, 15, in FIG. 2.

The data in (2) above is re-arranged and listed according to strobe lights, 1 through 820. Thus as strobe lights (in groups of five, in one example,) are selected to be fired, this table is accessed to select all VPL's for the five strobes set to be simultaneously fired.

VPL's vs STROBE number lineup table ALL LEFT EYES: lined up VPL numbers vs STROBE number   lined-up VPL's STROBE 1 VPL,n1, VPL,n2, VPL,n3, — STROBE 2 VPL,n-, VPL,n-, VPL,n- — STROBE 3      — STROBE 4      —  —      —  —      — ALL RIGHT EYES: lined up VPL numbers vs STROBE number STROBE 1 through 820 Same as for left eyes,

4. System Timing Sequence

Presented here is an example of data format for the display system timing based on the embodiment shown in FIG. 9. Other configurations based on the basic approaches described herein, and which may be obvious to those skilled in the art, would lead to similar system sequence control while remaining within the scope of this invention.

Based on FIG. 9:

Strobe group 1 is strobe numbers 1, 165, 329, 493, 657 strobe group 2 is strobe numbers 2, 166, 330, 494, 658

Etc., Etc.

(strobe numbers increase by one each time cycle until reaching strobe group 164)

The entire time for the 164 groups, 1/60th second, is defined as one scan interval

For illustration only, it is assumed that a right or left video signal for each scene is started at time=0 microseconds and requires 5000 microseconds for the SLM scene to stabilize. After that, strobe lights are triggered to flash every 71.11 microseconds for 164 cycles reaching 1/60th second. Within each cycle, we assume, for illustration of the method, that strobe lights light for 50 microseconds.

The selected VPL's below are fetched from the “VPL numbers vs STROBE number” table in 3 above.

SYSTEM TIMING SEQUENCE SYSTEM TIMING LEFT EYES ONLY TIME after scan start STROBE microseconds GROUP action 0 — start display of left eye scene at SLM 5000 1 select every VPL aligned with every LEFT-EYE and every group 1 strobe (strobe nos: 1,65,329,493,657) flash strobe group 1 then de-select all VPL's 5071.11 2 same as above for group 2 strobes 5142.28 3 same as above for group 3 strobes 5213.41 4 same as above for group 4 strobes 5284.55 5 same as above for group 5 strobes — — — — 16596 164  same as above for all strobe groups until group 164 reached 16667 (1/60th sec) end of left eyes scan go to right eyes scan SYSTEM TIMING RIGHT EYES ONLY Sequence format for right eyes same as above from 0 to 16667 microseconds, but substitute right eye data throughout.

The data management approach described above is based on selecting strobe lights (in groups) for lighting and then selecting the VPL's which are lined up with the selected strobe lights and eyes. It should be noted that an alternative approach would be to first select VPL's, in some logical order, and then to select the appropriate lined-up strobe lights for firing. Both approaches are approximately equivalent although selecting the strobes first uses less required radiant power because the lamps are fired just once during each image field period.

Additionally, the data management described above, and the grouping of the data classes plus the sequence of the computations may be considerably varied without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. The spirit and scope of this invention is based primarily on the array of selectable strobe lights, a transmissive image panel in which single-pixel-wide columns are selected and made transmissive when aligned with selected strobe lights and with individual viewing eyes. 

1. An autostereoscopic display system comprised in part of an array of vertically oriented, narrow light sources, hereinafter also referred to as strobe lights, and a transparent image panel, or spatial light modulator, (SLM), disposed between the array of strobe lights and a viewing region, whereby the SLM has a vertical dispersion panel in close proximity which vertically disperses light rays originating from the strobe lights and passing through the SLM toward the viewers, wherein a) means are provided to select, and cause to briefly emit light, or to flash, one or several of the light sources, thus sending light in the direction of the SLM image panel, b) and other means are provided to select single and separate full height vertical picture lines, VPL's, for transmissivity, in the SLM, of width of one or several pixels, while the remainder of the SLM remains dark, in order to project individually selected vertically oriented sheets of light through the selected VPL's of the SLM, which are coplanar with the selected VPL's and the selected briefly lit light source, toward an eye in the viewing region whereby said sheet of light rays is sufficiently narrow so as to enter a person's left or right eye but not both, and to render visible the entire height of the selected VPL due to said vertical dispersion, c) and by rapidly cycling through briefly lit strobe lights, and selected VPL's, entire scenes on the SLM are made visible to all left eyes and different ones to all right eyes resulting in an autostereoscopic view.
 2. The autostereoscopic display system as described in claim 1, with computing means using the coordinate positions of eyes located in the viewing region as obtained from eye-tracking means, to find those strobe lights which are aligned with VPL's and selected eyes, said strobe lights chosen to be the closest aligned in instances of multiple alignments, wherein when the said aligned strobe light is flashed, it renders visible an entire VPL in the SLM to the selected eye within the vertically oriented sheet of light rays issuing from the aligned VPL, producing for the selected eye a full height view of the aligned VPL.
 3. The autostereoscopic display system as described in claim 2, wherein a) the process of rendering visible a VPL to a selected eye is repeated for every VPL in the SLM for all right eyes and b) the same process is repeated alternating between right eyes and left eyes, while the SLM alternatingly displays the appropriate right/left image, so that sufficiently rapid alternating right-eye/left-eye viewing cycles produce for each viewer a complete autostereoscopic scene displayed on the SLM.
 4. The autostereoscopic display system as described in claim 1, wherein the array of strobe lights is an array of selectable vertically oriented light sources which in number are comparable to the number of horizontal resolution elements, and which; (1) are either point sources, or are (2) said number of selectable columns of several point sources, or are (3) said number of selectable vertical luminous strips of light from LED sources or any type of light source, or are (4) one or more vertical slit openings in enclosures containing light sources such that the total of such openings equals the said number above, and for which (5) the horizontal dimensions of the light sources are comparable in size to a screen pixel on the image panel, or smaller or larger by a small factor, and in which the array of lights may be placed in a single row side by side or in multiple rows one above the other.
 5. The autostereoscopic display system as described in claim 4, wherein every one of the strobe lights, when selected, is capable of illuminating the entire vertical length of several selected single-pixel-wide vertical picture lines of the SLM image panel, furthermore, the strobe light array, for certain embodiments, may be fitted with a second vertical dispersion panel to provide greater uniformity in vertically spreading the light from the strobe light array in the vertical direction to illuminate the entire vertical length of the selected VPL's.
 6. The autostereoscopic display system as claimed in claim 3, in which electronic management and control subsystems coordinate the functions of (a) a video graphics unit which provides alternating right/left separated video signals to the SLM panel and (b) a strobe control unit which generates signals to flash the strobe lights according to a pre-determined sequence and (c) an eye tracking system which provides eye coordinates to a data table which is used to compute and provide all VPL numbers which are aligned with any given strobe light and every tracked eye for the currently selected right or left video field and (d) means which extract the VPL numbers from the above data table to select all VPL's aligned with concurrently flashed strobe lights and the selected right or left tracked eyes.
 7. The autostereoscopic display system as described in claim 1, wherein said SLM image panel, is electronically configured to allow the selection of single VPL's, or multiple VPL's simultaneously in groups, to be made transmissive while all other VPL's remain opaque, said transmissive selections serve to select columns of the image panel which are aligned with selected viewing eyes and selected strobe lights so that only the aligned viewing eyes, and not any other viewing eyes, are able to see the light from the image pixels contained in the selected VPL's.
 8. The autostereoscopic display system as described in claim 1, wherein the vertical dispersion panel associated with the SLM, a) has a closely spaced transparent optical structure, for example, a horizontally corrugated structure, or, alternatively, an equivalent holographic image, so that the light passing through the vertical dispersion panel is dispersed vertically but not horizontally in order that a completely lit vertical column of pixels will appear only to an eye positioned at some point in the vertically dispersed light rays coming from the screen, and b) for certain embodiments, additionally contains horizontal elements of Fresnel lenses which are designed to favor the passage of light at more nearly horizontal angles in the forward direction over light at much higher or lower angles
 9. The autostereoscopic display system as claimed in claim 2 in which means are provided to track the locations of each of the eyes in the viewing area together with reflective markers in the viewing region for purposes of alignment to maintain the required precision for tracking said eye locations, and then using said eye tracking information together with knowledge of the positions of the vertical picture columns on the SLM and with knowledge of the positions of the individual strobe lights to create a data table of numbers which identify each VPL which is in the same vertical plane in common with a viewing eye and a strobe light.
 10. The autostereoscopic display system as claimed in claim 1, employing procedure and means to select individual VPL's, which are in-line with selected strobe lights and selected eyes, to be placed into a transparent, or transmissive, state, said selected VPL's being the only VPL's allowing light from the selected strobe lights to pass through the SLM image panel to enter selected eyes in the viewing region, said selection means, as one alternative, consisting of a second SLM which is an SLM-shutter panel in close contact with the SLM image panel claimed in claim 1, said SLM-shutter panel is electronically controlled to produce narrow vertical strips of clear regions while the remainder of the SLM shutter panel remains opaque to achieve selection of the properly aligned vertical pixel columns in the SLM image panel.
 11. The autostereoscopic display system as claimed in claim 1, in which the displayed images are inputted into the system as stereoscopic video signals with means provided for separating the incoming video signals into separate right-eye view and left-eye view images wherein the video stream is reformatted according to the methods of this patent disclosure to display left/right images to the appropriate eyes providing a satisfactory autostereoscopic image.
 12. The autostereoscopic display system as claimed in claim 1, wherein autostereoscopic display is achieved by projecting rapidly alternating right-eye pictures and left eye pictures into viewer's right eyes and left eyes, respectively, each said projection of the appropriate picture into the appropriate eyes occurring when briefly flashed light rays from selected strobe light sources pass through the pixels of briefly selected, transmissive, vertical picture columns in the SLM image panel and because the selected vertical picture columns are aligned both with viewer's eyes and with said light sources, said light rays enter the viewer's eyes to produce a complete scene after all vertical picture columns have been sequentially selected and correctly illuminated for every right and left viewing eye.
 13. The autostereoscopic display system as claimed in claim 2, wherein as an alternative to eye tracking, viewing zones are set up at predetermined locations in the viewing area by programming the autostereoscopic display system to direct views of the correct vertical picture columns into each of the pairs of right/left predetermined locations, as though these locations were actually measured eye locations to produce the required autostereoscopic views.
 14. The autostereoscopic display system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the combined width of the light slits or openings associated with a strobe light in the strobe light array, or the widths of single illumination elements, when combined with the widths of the vertical picture lines, VPL's, of the SLM image panel, are so selected as to project zones of illumination of widths less than the average inter-ocular distance so as to cause the light from VPL's to enter either the selected right or left eyes only but not both.
 15. The autostereoscopic display system as claimed in claim 1, wherein monoscopic viewing is obtained by allowing all pixels in the screen to be transmissive and to flash all the strobe lights either together or in some sequence, at some desired frame rate or alternatively employing a uniformly illuminated panel to serve as a backlight behind the SLM image panel, thereby sending light from each screen pixel to all right and left eyes thereby producing a normal 2D image. 